Author | Study population | Sample timing | Definition of sepsis | Microbiology results provided | Independent adjudication of sepsis diagnosis | Exclusion criteria immunosuppressive disease | Exclusion criteria malignancy | Primary conclusion of study (in relation to monocyte endotoxin tolerance) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time of first sample | No. of samples (time span) | ||||||||
Liu [30] | Sepsis | ? | 1 | ? B C | N | N | N | N | TLR4 stimulation and human sepsis activate pathways that couple NAD+ and its sensor SIRT1 with epigenetic reprogramming |
Buttenschoen [41] | Elective surgery | Pre-insult | 4 (2 days) | N | N | N | Y | N | Cytokine liberation of mononuclear cells suggests a state of postoperative endotoxin tolerance |
Pachot [31] | Sepsis | 72 h (onset sep shock) | 2 | 1C | Y | Y | N | N | CX3CR1 expression [is] severely down-regulated in [septic] monocytes and associated with lack of functionality |
West [32] | Sepsis | 24 h (ICU adm) | 1 | 1 A, E | Y | N | N | N | Leukocytes of septic patients, but not SIRS, show LPS tolerance |
Harter [33] | Sepsis | ? | 1 | 1 A B C | Y | Y | N | N | Endotoxin tolerance in septic patients does not depend solely on TLR-2 or TLR-4 expression |
Flohe [40] | Surgery in trauma patients | 48 h (ICU adm) | Mon, Thu. | 1 A B C | Y | N | Y | Y | Initial trauma [and] major secondary surgery cause suppression of immune functions, whereas minor surgery does not |
Escoll [34] | Sepsis | 48 h (onset sepsis) | 1 | 1 A | Y | Y | Y | Y | Monocytes from septic patients rapidly express IRAK-M mRNA when stimulated with LPS ex vivo [unlike healthy volunteers] |
Heagy [39] | ICU patients (sepsis) | 72 h (ICU adm) | 1 | 5 | N | Y | N | N | ICU patients with…endotoxin tolerance have significantly poorer clinical outcomes |
Calvano [35] | Sepsis | ? | 1 | 1 E A | Y | N | N | N | Cellular LPS hyporesponsiveness [cannot] be ascribed to significant alterations in…cell surface LPS binding proteins |
Sfeir [36] | Sepsis | 24 (Sep Shock) | 1 | 1C | Y | Y | Y | N | Monocytes from patients with septic shock exhibit persistent IL-10 release at a time when TNF-α release is down-regulated |
Kawasaki [42] | Elective surgery | Pre-insult | 7 (7 days) | N | N | N | Y | N | LPS responsiveness…is altered from the early period of surgery |
Heagy [37] | Sepsis | 72 h (ICU adm) | 1 | 5 | Y | Y | N | N | Impaired TNF release may be a manifestation of monocyte endotoxin tolerance and may be useful to diagnose sepsis |
Bergmann [38] | Sepsis | ? | 1 B C | N | N | N | N | The altered [TNF-α release] of septic blood to catecholamines might be due to altered reactivity of leukocytes |