Table 9 Experimental conduct and exclusion criteria of lymphocyte apoptosis studies

Roger [43]

Sepsis

Before first abs

1

3 B C

Y

Y

Y

Y

Concomitant T cell proliferation and T cell apoptosis are observed in human sepsis

Bandyopadhyay [58]

Trauma

?

Every 4 days (28 days)

N

N

N

Y

N

CD47 triggering, SHP-1 mediated NFkB suppression and elevated TRAIL levels increase…T cell apoptosis

White [11]

Sepsis

24 h (ICU adm/positive BC)

2 (7 days)

1 B C

N

Y

Y

N

Patients with infection and sepsis have deficient IL-2 and IL-7 gene expression

White [11]

Elective surgery (infective complications)

Pre-insult

3 (5 days)

4

N

Y

Y

N

Zhang [44]

Sepsis

24 h (sep shock)

1

1C

N

N

Y

N

The expression of PD-1 on T cells [is] up regulated in septic shock

Guignant [45]

Sepsis

48 h (sep shock)

3 (10 days)

1C

Y

Y

N

Y

PD-1 related molecules may constitute a novel immunoregulatory system involved in sepsis-induced immune alterations

Vaki [46]

Sepsis

12 h (organ failure)

2 B C

Y

Y

Y

N

These findings support…the existence of an early circulating factor in severe sepsis/shock, modulating apoptosis of CD4 lymphocytes

Slotwinski [62]

Elective surgery

Pre-insult

4 (7 days)

N

N

N

Y

N

Preoperative enteral immunonutrition prevents postoperative decrease in lymphocyte subsets

Gogos [47]

Sepsis

24 h (signs of sepsis)

1

2 B C

Y

Y

Y

N

Major differences of the early statuses of innate and adaptive immune systems exist between sepsis and severe sepsis/shock in relation the underlying type of infection

Hoogerwerf [48]

Sepsis

24 h (dx sepsis)

1

2 A

Y

Y

Y

N

In patients with sepsis, alterations in apoptosis of circulating leukocytes occur in a cell-specific manner

Yousef [49]

Sepsis

?

1

1 A B C

N

N

Y

N

Percentage of apoptotic lymphocyte median values [could be] an indicator of prognosis and survival in critically ill patients

Turrel-Davin [50]

Sepsis

48 h (sep shock)

2 (5 days)

1C

Y

Y

N

N

Pro-apoptotic genes BID and FAS appear to constitute promising apoptosis markers

Pelekanou [51]

Sepsis

24 h (signs of sepsis)

1

1 2 A B C

Y

Y

Y

N

Decrease of CD-4 lymphocytes…is characteristic of sepsis arising in ventilator associated pneumonia

Papadima [61]

Elective surgery

Pre-insult

2 (1 day)

N

-

Y

Y

No alterations in lymphocyte counts [and] subpopulations [following use of epidural anaesthesia]

Delogu [52]

Sepsis

24 h (sep shock)

1

? C

Y

N

N

N

Blood caspase-1 elevated in sepsis. IL-6 correlates with apoptotic rate and caspase-9 expression in lymphocytes

Weber [53]

Sepsis

4 h (sev sepsis)

1

1 B

N

N

Y

Y

In early severe sepsis…induction of…Bim,Bid,Bak and downregulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl is observed

Roth [54]

Sepsis

?

1

1 A B C

N

N

N

N

These findings strongly suggest that in septic patients Th1 T cells are selectively susceptible to apoptosis

Le Tulzo [55]

Sepsis

+ve microbiology ±3 days

2 (6 days)

1 B C E

Y

N

N

N

Lymphocyte apoptosis is rapidly increased in…septic shock…and leads to a profound and persistent lymphopaenia associated with poor outcome

Hotchkiss [56]

Sepsis

6 h (death)

1

6

Y

N

Y

N

Capsase 9 mediates profound progressive loss of B and CD4 T helper cells in [severe] sepsis

Delogu [63]

Elective surgery

Pre-insult

3 (4 days)

N

N

N

Y

Y

Surgical trauma is associated with a significant but transient increase in lymphocyte commitment to apoptosis

Pellegrini [59]

Trauma

?

2/week (until death/discharge)

N

N

N

N

N

Increased levels of apoptosis are not directly associated with negative trauma patient outcome

Delogu [64]

Surgical

Pre-insult

3 (4 days)

N

N

N

Y

Y

Surgical trauma upregulates lymphocyte death signalling factors and downregulates survival factors. Increased apoptosis of CD8+ cells maybe associated with greater risk of postsurgical infection

Hotchkiss [60]

Trauma

10 h (injury to surgery)

1

N

N

N

N

N

Focal apoptosis of intestinal epithelial and lymphoid tissues occurs extremely rapidly after injury

Hotchkiss [57]

Sepsis

6 h (death)

1

6

Y

Y

N

N

Caspase-3 mediated apoptosis causes extensive lymphocyte apoptosis in sepsis

Sasajima [65]

Elective surgery

Pre-insult

5 (7 days)

N

N

N

N

N

Transient T cell apoptosis occurs after major operations

Sugimoto [66]

Elective surgery

Pre-insult

4 (4 days)

N

N

N

N

N

Enhanced FasL expression is likely to be related to systemic inflammatory responses induced during the perioperative period