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Intensive Care Medicine Experimental
Fig. 6 | Intensive Care Medicine Experimental

Fig. 6

From: Modulatory effects of vagal stimulation on neurophysiological parameters and the cellular immune response in the rat brain during systemic inflammation

Fig. 6

Immunohistochemical analysis of the number of neutrophil granulocytes in the SFO and neighboring choroid plexus (a) and the cortex (b) and their colocalization with ICAM-1 (c) 4.5 h after LPS or vehicle administration (n = 5). LPS increased the number of neutrophil granulocytes in the SFO and neighboring choroid plexus and the cortex as well as their colocalization with ICAM-1. There were no differences in the number of neutrophil granulocytes between the septic groups, but interestingly, vagus nerve stimulation reduced the percentage of neutrophil granulocytes that were colocalized with ICAM-1 compared to the LPS + SHAM group (P < 0.01) and the LPS + VGX group (P < 0.01). Data are given as means ± SEM. Significance is given as: * compared to SHAM; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; # compared as indicated; # P < 0.05; ## P < 0.01; ### P < 0.001; ICAM intercellular adhesion molecule, SFO subfornical organ, ChP choroid plexus, LPS lipopolysaccharide, NG neutrophil granulocytes, SHAM sham surgery, VGX bilateral vagotomy, VGX + VNS bilateral vagotomy and distal vagus nerve stimulation

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