Table 2 Summary of the recorded and measured parameters during the induction of endotoxemia in the ADVOS and control groups. Median (IQR)

Cardiovascular system

MAP (mmHg)

65 (64–65)

69 (66–78)

59 (56–61)

70 (66–71)

59 (53–60)

62 (59–62)

52 (51–53)

61 (56–66)*

68 (61–76)

66 (61–73)

CVP (mmHg)

3 (2–3)

3 (3–6)

4 (2–4)

3 (2–8)

6 (4–7)

4 (3–9)

7 (6–8)

5 (4–8)

3 (3–4)

4 (3–6)

Systole (mmHg)

101 (96–108)

101 (95–105)

103 (102–106)

103 (100–104)

100 (97–111)

95 (92–95)

102 (88–103)

97 (94–98)

109 (101–114)

108 (101–121)

Diastole (mmHg)

52 (49–61)

57 (50–64)

41 (39–50)

55 (48–55)

41 (40–41)

42 (42–45)

36 (31–41)

44 (37–51)*

43 (42–58)

44 (38–50)

Heart rate (beats/min)

76 (76–81)

73 (69–79)

115 (110–117)

103 (97–103)

120 (115–129)

99 (98–104)

122 (118–140)

109 (102–114)

118 (117–130)

135 (125–147)

Cardiac index (l/min/m²)

5.4 (5.4–6.1)

4.6 (4.2–4.9)

6.8 (6.1–7.8)

5.2 (4.5–5.9)

5.8 (4.0–6.7)

5.9 (5.1–6.2)

4.9 (3.6–5.5)

6.7 (6.1–7.3)*

7.5 (5.3–7.7)

7.0 (6.6–7.5)

Temperature (°C)

37.8 (37.1–38.0)

38.1 (37.5–38.3)

38.0 (37.2–38.4)

38.3 (37.9–38.4)

37.7 (37.2–38.4)

37.7 (37.2–38.7)

38.0 (37.9–38.5)

37.9 (37.8–38.5)

38.2 (38.0–38.4)

38.4 (37.9–39.0)

SVRI (dyn.s.m².cm⁻⁵)

933 (726–941)

1267 (1242–1340)

618 (597–909)

1186 (1122–1249)

685 (639–1001)

868 (691–1019)

830 (764–982)

681 (670–751)

717 (711–907)

716 (676–770)

GEDI (ml/m²)

767 (641–989)

647 (594–698)

652 (551–775)

621 (553–646)

732 (566–749)

809 (671–859)

703 (674–719)

853 (700–976)

859 (653–870)

688 (659–728)

ITBI (ml/m²)

959 (801–1236)

809 (742–872)

815 (689–968)

776 (691–808)

915 (707–937)

1011 (838–1073)

879 (842–899)

1066 (875–1220)

1073 (816–1087)

860 (824–911)

ELWI (ml/kg)

10 (10–13)

8 (8–8)

10 (10–11)

9 (9–9)

11 (10–16)

8 (8–9)

15 (11–22)

9 (9–11)*

11 (10–11)

12 (12–12)

PVPI

2.4 (2.1–3.0)

2.1 (2.0–2.1)

2.7 (2.6–3.0)

2.5 (2.5–2.8)

3.1 (2.9–3.6)

1.8 (1.6–2.2)

3.7 (3.2–5.1)

2.0 (1.9–2.2)*

2.2 (2.0–3.0)

2.9 (2.9–3.1)

CPI (W/m²)

0.80 (0.77–0.86)

0.66 (0.64–0.90)

0.89 (0.79–0.95)

0.75 (0.66–0.92)

0.59 (0.51–0.81)

0.77 (0.76–0.79)

0.41 (0.35–0.72)

0.83 (0.71–1.08)*

1.03 (0.65–1.39)

1.02 (0.91–1.18)

Respiratory system

Arterial pCO₂ (mmHg)

41 (38–45)

42 (41–42)

48 (45–48)

44 (44–44)

51 (46–52)

45 (44–48)

61 (61–63)

50 (50–52)

47 (42–50)

56 (40–58)

PaO₂ (mmHg)

100 (99–102)

128 (112–129)

117 (108–129)

106 (101–109)

94 (85–97)

85 (84–88)

74 (63–96)

83 (79–87)

68 (64–88)

71 (69–75)

FiO₂ (%)

31 (28–34)

31 (30–32)

35 (34–37)

32 (30–34)

41 (39–50)

34 (34–40)

82 (81–87)

49 (44–50)*

51 (47–64)

56 (48–64)

PaO₂/FiO₂ (mmHg)

332 (312–346)

375 (359–412)

329 (303–348)

314 (303–321)

193 (164–223)

251 (209–266)

105 (77–128)

174 (170–180)

136 (100–172)

130 (118–145)

Respiratory rate

17 (17–18)

14 (14–16)

20 (19–20)

16 (16–18)

25 (23–27)

18 (17–20)

35 (32–35)

20 (19–22)*

23 (23–27)

25 (21–28)

PEEP (mbar)

1 (1–1)

1 (1–1)

3 (2–4)

0 (0–1)

4 (2–7)

2 (1–4)

15 (14–17)

1 (1–5)*

2 (0–3)

5 (2–7)

Inspiratory plateau pressure (cmH₂O)

18 (15–19)

15 (15–16)

20 (18–21)

18 (18–20)

25 (25–30)

22 (21–28)

34 (33–36)

27 (25–30)

27 (27–28)

32 (31–33)

SPO₂ (%)

99 (98–99)

99 (98–99)

98 (98–99)

98 (98–99)

98 (94–98)

97 (97–97)

92 (76–97)

97 (93–98)

92 (87–95)

91 (89–92)

End tidal CO₂ (mmHg)

43 (41–45)

42 (41–44)

45 (44–47)

42 (42–44)

45 (43–47)

43 (41–45)

42 (12–46)

44 (40–46)

41 (35–42)

47 (42–49)

Tidal volume (ml)

510 (495–525)

500 (500–500)

505 (495–513)

500 (500–500)

465 (460–478)

490 (480–500)

380 (368–413)

480 (440–480)

460 (440–480)

460 (428–485)

Blood pH

7.53 (7.50–7.55)

7.49 (7.45–7.50)

7.46 (7.42–7.48)

7.42 (7.41–7.43)

7.39 (7.37–7.43)

7.42 (7.39–7.43)

7.28 (7.21–7.34)

7.39 (7.39–7.40)*

7.44 (7.38–7.44)

7.35 (7.33–7.43)

Arterial HCO₃ ⁻ (mmol/l)

32.5 (30.8–34.3)

30.6 (28.4–32.3)

31.4 (31.2–33.1)

27.8 (27.3–28.6)

29.8 (28.6–30.7)

28.1 (27.9–28.2)

27.6 (27.4–30.6)

30.5 (29.5–30.5)

29.0 (28.2–29.3)

28.2 (27.4–28.7)

Base excess (mmol/l)

9.4 (6.9–9.5)

6.7 (4.0–7.4)

6.6 (5.8–8.8)

2.9 (2.3–3.8)

3.9 (1.1–6.1)

2.9 (2.3–3.0)

−0.4 (−3.0 to 5.3)

4.3 (3.7–4.6)

3.6 (3.5–3.8)

1.9 (1.2–3.3)

CNS

ICP (mmHg)

11.3 (8.2–11.5)

11.6 (9.6–12.5)

12.4 (12.4–15.6)

12.2 (10.7–13.5)

18.1 (15.4–20.9)

14.9 (13.0–16.1)

15.8 (13.4–17.8)

14.9 (12.1–16.1)

11.3 (11.0–14.7)

15.8 (14.0–17.4)

CPP (mmHg)

55.6 (51.0–57.5)

57.0 (53.0–70.0)

48.0 (41.0–52.0)

56.0 (55.4–58.0)

43.2 (36.0–44.0)

46.0 (45.0–47.0)

21.0 (−0.8 to 28.0)

47.0 (41.0–50.0)*

55.0 (47.0–58.0)

52.5 (45.6–59.5)

Intracranial temperature (°C)

38.1 (37.2–38.1)

37.7 (37.4–38.0)

38.0 (37.7–38.8)

37.9 (37.8–38.3)

38.3 (37.5–38.6)

37.4 (37.5–38.2)

38.7 (37.6–38.0)

37.5 (37.5–38.2)

37.6 (37.6–38.0)

38.3 (38.0–38.7)

Liver

Total bilirubin (mg/dl)

5.1 (4.1–5.2)

4.7 (4.0–5.7)

5.3 (4.5–6.0)

4.8 (4.8–6.0)

5.2 (4.9–5.6)

2.7 (2.4–3.4)

5.5 (4.6–5.6)

2.3 (2.3–3.0)*

2.2 (2.0–3.3)

2.5 (2.5–3.5)

Lactate (mmol/l)

1.5 (1.4–1.6)

1.1 (0.9–1.7)

2.3 (2.0–2.4)

2.1 (2.0–2.8)

4.8 (3.7–5.6)

3.7 (3.5–3.9)

8.3 (7.9–8.6)

4.2 (3.5–4.2)*

5.4 (4.0–5.7)

5.8 (3.9–7.4)

Ammonia (μg/dl)

264 (239–420)

167 (148–215)

305 (191–595)

152 (139–206)

374 (292–555)

161 (148–188)

681 (595–851)

194 (187–196)*

187 (167–228)

255 (170–313)

Alkaline phosphatase (U/l)

228 (209–236)

246 (235–254)

280 (247–334)

274 (252–298)

322 (276–393)

262 (237–271)

307 (260–393)

230 (223–266)

251 (234–266)

253 (244–277)

GPT (U/l)

52 (34–58)

46 (36–47)

46 (31–53)

43 (33–44)

41 (36–47)

34 (28–35)

35 (21–39)

31 (30–33)

33 (26–34)

35 (29–37)

GOT (U/l)

98 (75–144)

56 (48–57)

75 (62–167)

45 (42–51)

85 (67–1449

39 (38–49)

97 (75–101)

51 (49–70)*

72 (67–97)

104 (86–113)

LDH (U/l)

672 (564–871)

597 (518–611)

559 (482–735)

518 (457–563)

524 (473–1051)

371 (358–486)

743 (601–795)

420 (401–548)*

503 (502–663)

642 (631–719)

Total protein (g/dl)

5.5 (5.4–5.7)

5.5 (5.4–5.7)

5.1 (4.9–5.4)

5.3 (5.2–5.4)

4.6 (4.5–4.7)

4.4 (4.3–4.4)

4.1 (4.1–4.4)

4.0 (4.0–4.4)

4.2 (4.1–4.2)

4.1 (4.0–4.1)

Kidney

Creatinine (mg/dl)

1.4 (1.4–1.5)

1.6 (1.4–1.7)

1.4 (1.4–1.5)

1.5 (1.5–1.6)

2.0 (1.7–3.0)

1.3 (1.2–1.7)

2.3 (2.1–3.3)

1.4 (1.1–1.7)*

1.4 (1.1–1.8)

1.7 (1.3–1.9)

BUN (mg/dl)

15 (14–15)

11 (9–12)

16 (14–17)

12 (10–13)

16 (13–23)

8 (6–11)

17 (14–20)

6 (5–9)*

5 (4–7)

5 (4–6)

Infused fluids (ml/h)

286 (285–326)

562 (403–604)

1116 (510–1407)

479 (355–700)

970 (295–1702)

553 (463–910)

385 (310–457)

441 (422–472)

375 (331–388)

265 (155–370)

Urine output (ml/h)

100 (34–150)

130 (110–170)

64 (50–100)

65 (60–75)

40 (40–45)

50 (40–60)

35 (22–40)

60 (45–65)*

50 (36–50)

50 (40–50)

Coagulation and hematology

Quick value (%)

103 (88–112)

87 (86–88)

107 (105–109)

100 (93–102)

98 (88–103)

82 (77–85)

84 (70–91)

83 (72–86)

82 (76–85)

79 (71–79)

INR

1.0 (0.9–1.1)

1.1 (1.1–1.1)

1.0 (0.9–1.0)

1.0 (1.0–1.0)

1.1 (1.0–1.1)

1.1 (1.1–1.2)

1.1 (1.1–1.2)

1.1 (1.1–1.2)

1.1 (1.1–1.2)

1.2 (1.2–1.2)

Fibrinogen (mg/dl)

662 (534–794)

725 (668–756)

623 (615–708)

663 (651–681)

479 (414–532)

579 (553–596)

533 (492–594)

558 (502–572)

506 (456–574)

540 (446–612)

Platelet count (10³/μl)

504 (333–541)

367 (356–428)

216 (195–286)

234 (226–308)

140 (125–141)

170 (134–180)

131 (30–138)

144 (93–150)

116 (85–143)

113 (83–133)

Hemoglobin (g/dl)

10.5 (10.3–10.8)

9.9 (9.9–11.1)

11.6 (11.4–12.1)

12.2 (11.7–12.6)

12.0 (11.4–12.2)

10.8 (10.5–11.0)

12.9 (12.4–12.9)

10.5 (9.8–11.7)

10.4 (10.3–11.7)

11.5 (10.7–11.8)

Hematocrit (%)

33 (32–35)

33 (32–37)

38 (37–39)

40 (38–42)

39 (37–40)

36 (34–39)

43 (42–46)

36 (33–41)

35 (34–39)

38 (36–39)

White blood cells (10³/μl)

15.2 (14.5–17.6)

18.3 (18.2–20.1)

3.0 (2.8–3.1)

3.1 (2.6–3.1)

1.0 (1.0–1.0)

1.2 (1.0–1.4)

1.9 (0.8–2.0)

0.7 (0.7–0.8)

1.3 (1.1–1.4)

3.1 (2.8–3.8)

Laboratory values

Na⁺ (mmol/l)

138 (138–139)

139 (139–140)

139 (138–142)

138 (138–139)

138 (138–140)

138 (137–140)

138 (137–139)

140 (138–140)

139 (138–141)

138 (137–139)

K⁺ (mmol/l)

3.7 (3.5–3.9)

4.5 (4.0–4.5)

3.7 (3.4–3.7)

3.9 (3.7–4.2)

3.5 (3.4–4.0)

3.3 (3.3–3.5)

4.5 (4.1–4.8)

3.6 (3.5–3.9)*

3.7 (3.6–3.7)

4.5 (4.2–4.6)

Total calcium (mg/dl)

2.53 (2.39–2.62)

2.62 (2.59–2.73)

2.4 (2.35–2.41)

2.57 (2.54–2.70)

2.44 (2.35–2.54)

2.47 (2.42–2.50)

2.38 (2.32–2.54)

2.28 (2.27–2.40)

2.30 (2.28–2.37)

2.23 (2.13–2.31)

Ionized calcium (mmol/l)

1.27 (1.24–1.31)

1.40 (1.30–1.41)

1.32 (1.27–1.33)

1.42 (1.32–1.43)

1.31 (1.30–1.35)

1.36 (1.36–1.39)

1.29 (1.26–1.31)

1.31 (1.30–1.33)

1.31 (1.26–1.34)

1.24 (1.18–1.26)

Chloride ion (mmol/l)

102 (99–102)

104 (100–104)

101 (100–102)

104 (101–104)

101 (99–102)

104 (102–104)

101 (99–101)

104 (103–105)

103 (102–105)

102 (101–103

Anion gap (mmol/l)

11.6 (9.0–11.9)

9.2 (8.8–13.0)

10.6 (10.1–12.8)

12.0 (11.7–12.1)

12.5 (11.4–13.3)

10.3 (9.3–11.6)

15.8 (15.6–16.3)

9.9 (8.5–10.3)

10.4 (9.7–12.6)

12.7 (9.1–14.3)

Glucose (mg/dl)

100 (98–104)

105 (105–110)

106 (97–115)

103 (100–109)

138 (130–151)

122 (120–142)

153 (137–212)

129 (119–135)

126 (106–138)

138 (123–161)

Phosphate (mg/dl)

8.2 (8.0–9.9)

8.2 (7.5–8.7)

9.2 (7.9–9.8)

8.4 (7.9–9.1)

8.6 (7.7–9.4)

7.2 (6.8–7.3)

8.6 (8.1–10.5)

7.1 (6.6–7.5)*

7.5 (6.7–7.6)

8.1 (7.7–8.3)

Magnesium (mmol/l)

0.93 (0.80–0.93)

0.82 (0.78–0.89)

0.82 (0.79–0.89)

0.77 (0.75–0.84)

0.81 (0.79–0.83)

0.84 (0.81–0.92)

0.96 (0.89–0.99)

0.92 (0.86–0.96)

0.99 (0.88–1.00)

1.00 (0.91–1.01)

Osmolality (mosmol/kg)

289 (289–292)

292 (289–293)

290 (288–293)

290 (288–290)

291 (289–292)

292 (286–293)

298 (295–301)

293 (287–294)

293 (292–293)

295 (290–295)

Albumin (g/dl)

2.7 (2.7–2.8)

2.7 (2.6–2.9)

2.5 (2.5–2.5)

2.6 (2.4–2.6)

2.2 (2.1–2.3)

2.1 (2.0–2.2)

2.0 (1.8–2.1)

1.9 (1.9–2.0)

2.0 (2.0–2.0)

1.9 (1.7–2.1)

Alpha1-globulin (g/dl)

1.1 (0.9–1.1)

1.1 (1.0–1.1)

1.0 (1.0–1.0)

1.0 (1.0–1.0)

0.9 (0.8–1.0)

0.8 (0.8–0.9)

0.9 (0.8–1.0)

0.7 (0.7–0.9)

0.8 (0.8–0.8)

0.8 (0.7–0.8)

Alpha2-globulin (g/dl)

0.3 (0.3–0.3)

0.4 (0.3–0.4)

0.2 (0.2–0.3)

0.3 (0.2–0.4)

0.3 (0.2–0.3)

0.2 (0.2–0.3)

0.2 (0.2–0.2)

0.2 (0.2–0.2)

0.2 (0.2–0.2)

0.2 (0.2–0.2)

Beta-globulin (g/dl)

0.6 (0.6–0.7)

0.6 (0.6–0.7)

0.6 (0.6–0.7)

0.6 (0.5–0.7)

0.6 (0.5–0.5)

0.5 (0.5–0.6)

0.5 (0.5–0.5)

0.5 (0.5–0.5)

0.5 (0.5–0.6)

0.5 (0.5–0.5)

Gamma-globulin (g/dl)

0.8 (0.7–0.9)

0.9 (0.9–0.9)

0.8 (0.6–0.8)

0.8 (0.8–0.8)

0.7 (0.6–0.8)

0.7 (0.7–0.7)

0.6 (0.5–0.7)

0.6 (0.6–0.7)

0.7 (0.6–0.7)

0.6 (0.6–0.7)

Anesthesia

Propofol infusion (ml/h)

38 (30–40)

45 (40–50)

38 (35–45)

45 (38–52)

40 (32–42)

35 (35–45)

38 (30–45)

32 (20–45)

35 (28–35)

38 (35–40)

Remifentanil infusion (ml/h)

0.5 (0.5–0.5)

0.2 (0.2–0.3)

0.3 (0.2–0.3)

0.2 (0.2–0.3)

0.3 (0.2–0.3)

0.3 (0.2–0.3)

0.2 (0.2–0.2)

0.2 (0.1–0.2)

0.2 (0.1–0.2)

0.2 (0.2–0.3)