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Intensive Care Medicine Experimental
Fig. 5 | Intensive Care Medicine Experimental

Fig. 5

From: Assessment of immune organ dysfunction in critical illness: utility of innate immune response markers

Fig. 5

Potential future immunomodulatory approaches in sepsis. Key approaches to reverse sepsis-associated immunosuppression include cytokine-induced stimulation of monocyte/macrophage function (GM-CSF, IFN-γ), administration of survival factors for T cells (IL-7), blockade of anti-inflammatory mechanisms (anti-IL-10 antibody/antagonization of regulatory T-cell function), approaches to target immune cell exhaustion/apoptosis (anti-programmed death (PD) receptor 1 or PD-ligand1 (PD-L1)), and blockade of negative co-stimulators (e.g., cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 [CTLA-4] or B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA))

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