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Intensive Care Medicine Experimental
Fig. 2 | Intensive Care Medicine Experimental

Fig. 2

From: Ecological effects of cefepime use during antibiotic cycling on the Gram-negative enteric flora of ICU patients

Fig. 2

Antibiotic resistance markers detected before and after cefepime exposure in E. coli isolates from ICU patients. Resistance genes (a), plasmid replication genes (b), and plasmid transfer markers (c) were identified using the sequencing output from MiSeq sequencing (250 bp; paired-end) of pooled representatives (2–6 colonies per patient) of the E. coli population before (black) and after (white) cefepime treatment. Markers were detected by alignment with resistance genes and mobile genetic elements in the MARA database [17] and plasmids markers in our in-house database (Additional file 1 Methods). aad includes aadA1, aadA6, and aadA10; “transfer” comprises marker genes for conjugation/self-transmission (tra, nik, etc.); “mobilization” indicates relaxase genes of mobilizable plasmid types (Additional file 1: Table S1) [18]

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