Skip to main content

Table 2 Summary of studies investigating markers of epithelial injury listed in descending chronological order

From: Tight junction structure, function, and assessment in the critically ill: a systematic review

Study

Study design

Disease process

Method of TJ assessment

# of Pts (controls)

TJ proteins studied

Major findings

Amadi et al. 2017 [36]

Prospective observational study

Severe acute malnutrition

Intestinal biopsy; IHC

34 (0)

Claudin-4

Reduced claudin-4 tissue staining overall, with increased staining and more disorganization at epithelial breaks and villus tips

Bein et al. 2017 [71]

Cross-sectional study

NEC

RT-PCR; IHC

6 (6)

ZO-1, occludin, claudin-4, cingulin

Decreased expression of occludin and ZO-1 in the jejunum and ileum of NEC patients

Goswami et al. 2017 [72]

Prospective observational study

SAP

Duodenal biopsy; IHC; RT-PCR; EM

26 (10)

Claudin-2, -4

Decreased claudin-4 in villi and crypts; Increased expression of claudin-2 and disruption of TJ by EM in SAP

Greis et al. 2017 [40]

Prospective observational study

Intestinal dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients

Serum ELISA

50 (0)

Zonulin

Increased serum zonulin (2.5 10.4 ng/mL) associated with delayed gastric emptying

Habes et al. 2017 [38]

Cross-sectional study

Intestinal injury after cardiac surgery

Urine ELISA

37 (0)

Claudin-3

Urinary claudin-3 (0 to 0.23 ng/mL) increased at onset of surgery, peaked at end of surgery and normalized over several days

Sipola et al. 2017 [41]

Prospective observational study

Emergent colectomy

Colectomy samples; IHC

38 (28)

Claudin-1, -2; occludin

Decreased claudin-1 tissue staining in the damaged colon of critically ill patients. No significant changes seen with claudin-2 or occludin expression

Tarko et al. 2017 [45]

Prospective observational study

NEC, rotavirus and gastroschisis

Serum ELISA

67 (14)

Zonulin

Increased serum zonulin (2 to 43 ng/mL) levels in patients with rotavirus and gastroschisis

Wen et al. 2017 [47]

Prospective observational study

SAP

Colonic biopsy; IF; WB

31 (8)

Claudin-2; occludin; ZO-1

Increased claudin-2 and decreased occludin and ZO-1 tissue staining associated with bacterial translocation

Liew et al. 2016 [42]

Prospective observational study

Mechanically ventilated adults

Duodenal biopsy, EM

12 (15)

Not specified

No abnormalities of TJ ultrastructure were appreciated in the duodenal samples of patients in either the critically ill group or control group

Sonika et al. 2016 [48]

Prospective observational study

SAP

Duodenal biopsy; IHC

20 (20)

Claudin-2, −4

Significantly decreased tissue staining of claudin-4 in duodenal villi and crypts but not significantly decreased at intercellular junctions. Claudin-2 had no statistically significant changes

Blackwood et al. 2015 [43]

Prospective observational study

NEC

Intestinal biopsy IF; urine WB

3 (3)

Claudin-2

Reduced claudin-2 tissue staining with an increase in urinary claudin-2

Typpo et al. 2015 [39]

Prospective observational study

Intestinal dysfunction after CPB

Serum ELISA

20 (0)

Claudin-3

Increased plasma claudin-3 (0 to 18 ng/mL) levels more than 120 h after CPB were associated with fluid overload, feeding intolerance and duration of antibiotic treatment

De Plaen et al. 2012 [46]

Prospective observational study

NEC

Colonic and small intestine biopsy; IHC

20 (20)

Claudin-2, -4; occludin; ZO-1

Increased tissue staining of claudin-2 but not of claudin-4, occludin, or ZO-1

Thuijls et al. 2010 [44]

Prospective observational study

NEC

Urine WB

14 (21)

Claudin-3

Increased urinary claudin-3 in patients who developedNEC

Derikx et al. 2008 [37]

Prospective observational study

Intestinal injury after non-GI surgery in children

Urine WB

20 (0)

Claudin-3

Increased urine claudin-3 associated with onset of surgery and rapid return to baseline levels

  1. IHC immunohistochemistry, IF immunofluorescence, EM electron microscopy, WB Western blot, ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, NEC necrotizing enterocolitis, SAP severe acute pancreatitis, CPB cardiopulmonary bypass, IP intestinal permeability, CSF cerebral spinal fluid, GI gastrointestinal, RT-PCR reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, ZO-1 zonula occludens, NR not reported