Table 1 Enzymes and mediators involved in helium mediated cardioprotection
From: Gaseous mediators: an updated review on the effects of helium beyond blowing up balloons
RISK pathway | |
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) | |
Mitogen/extracellular signal-related kinase 1 (MEK-1) | |
70-kDa ribosomal protein s6 kinase (p70s6kinase) | |
Inhibited glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3β) activity | |
Activated apoptotic protein p53 degradation | |
Protein kinase A (PKA) | |
Opioid receptors | |
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) | |
Increased microparticle production in endothelial cells | |
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) | |
Maintaining intracellular acidosis during early reperfusion | |
Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) | |
Changes in ceramide | |
Mitochondria | |
Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) | |
Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-regulated potassium channel (mitoKATP) | |
Uncoupling of mitochondrial respiration | |
Mitochondrial calcium-sensitive potassium (mKCa) channel | |
Caveolins | |
Increased levels of circulating caveolin-3 in plasma | |
Decreased levels of caveolin-1 and caveolin-3 in membrane fractions of myocardial cells | |
Increased levels of caveolin-1 and caveolin-3 in ischaemic myocardium |