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Intensive Care Medicine Experimental
Fig. 2 | Intensive Care Medicine Experimental

Fig. 2

From: Autonomic nervous system activity and the risk of nosocomial infection in critically ill patients with brain injury

Fig. 2

Cytokine production after ex vivo whole blood stimulation. Cytokine production after whole blood stimulation with LPS for samples collected on admission, and 1 and 3 days after admission to the ICU. Values are represented as mean and standard deviation. a TNF-α production measured after 24 h of incubation time. b IL-10 production measured after 24 h of incubation time. c Experimental set-up of whole blood stimulations. Healthy = whole blood stimulations with LPS and incubated with plasma samples of healthy volunteers. Non-infected = whole blood stimulations with LPS incubated with plasma samples of patients without an infection. Infected = whole blood stimulations with LPS incubated with plasma samples of patients with a probable or definite infection. Negative controls = whole blood buffered with RPMI without LPS and without the addition of patient plasma. Positive control = whole blood stimulation with LPS without the addition of patient plasma. †p < 0.10; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 compared to all other measurements

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