Fig. 4

Expression levels of renal injury markers. Plasma levels of NGAL (a), KIM-1 (b) and creatinine (c), measured at baseline (white circles) and following hemorrhagic shock and fluid resuscitation (HS; black circles, HS + VT; grey circles). Urinary levels of NGAL (d) and KIM-1 (e), measured following hemorrhagic shock and fluid resuscitation (HS; black circles, HS + VT, grey circles). Renal gene expression of NGAL (f) and KIM-1 (g), and renal protein expression of NGAL (h) measured following hemorrhagic shock and fluid resuscitation (HS; black circles, HS + VT; grey circles). Microphotographs (original magnification × 20) of PAS-d stained renal tissue sections from untreated HS rats (i) and VT-treated HS rats (j), showing similar degrees of ischemic tubular injury, as evidenced by tubular dilation and loss of brush borders, tubular injury scores represented in graph (k). Data represent mean ± SD. Plasma: Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn’s analyses. Gene and protein expression: Student’s T-test. *P < 0.05 HS group compared to baseline; # P < 0.05 HS + VT vs. HS group. VT vasculotide, NGAL neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, KIM-1 kidney injury marker-1