Fig. 3

Representative time-courses for contractility metrics. Representative time-series of results in animals and patients show how the different contractility measures vary across interventions. a From an acute animal study, a representative time-course shows changes in contractility induced by pharmacologic intervention with the hysteresis-derived systolic area (blue) following trends seen in other reference measurements dP/dt_max (red), ESPVR (orange), and PRSWi (yellow). The inset shows an early negative inotropic response from a bolus of esmolol while the later bolus of epinephrine shows a positive inotropic response. b From an acute animal study, the more gradual negative inotropic trend from a serially injected microbead-induced heart failure model is similarly tracked in the systolic area and reference measurements. c An example patient time-course during an elective PCI shows inotropic variability through the course of the procedure as indicated by reference dP/dt_max (red) measurement. This variability and trends are similarly represented with systolic area (blue) using values measured clinically from device signals without modification