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Table 2 Characteristics of patients grouped according to the occurrence of secondary infection and M-MDSC level

From: High levels of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells are associated with favorable outcome in patients with pneumonia and sepsis with multi-organ failure

Characteristic

No secondary infection

Developed a secondary infection

p value

M-MDSCs ≤ 4.3%

M-MDSCs > 4.3%

p value

Number

22

26

 

31

17

 

Gender, male

14 (64%)

21 (81%)

0.18

22 (71%)

13 (76%)

0.17

Age (year)

74 [63–85]

73 [62–80]

0.46

74 [69–82]

62 [52–77]

0.6

Type of infection

 HAP/VAP

12 (55%)

19 (73%)

0.18

18 (68%)

13 (76%)

0.2

 HCAP

10 (45%)

7 (27%)

 

13 (42%)

4 (24%)

 

Severity of illness at admission

 APACHE II score

20 [17–25]

20 [16–26]

0.99

21 [17–27]

20 [15–23]

0.29

 SOFA score

11 [9–12]

10 [9–12]

0.60

10 [9–12]

11 [10–12]

0.61

Mortality day 90

17 (77%)

17 (65%)

0.37

26 (84%)

8 (47%)

0.007

New sepsis episode

 

16 (52%)

7 (41%)

0.48

Secondary infection

 

17 (55%)

9 (53%)

0.90

Length of hospital stay

8 [5–12]

33 [27–43]

< 0.0001

16 [8–28]

33 [12–44]

0.04

Length of ICU stay

8 [5–10]

29 [20–36]

 < 0.0001

16 [8–26]

27 [10–37]

0.14

Leukocytes (× 109/L)

14.6 [11.6–19.6]

13.5 [10.0–17.9]

0.59

15.5 [12.1–20.4]

10.9 [7.2–16.9]

0.04

PMN-MDSCs (% of leukocytes)

11 [7–26]

32 [14–48]

0.02

26 [9–39]

18 [6–44]

0.86

M-MDSCs (% of leukocytes)

3.04 (1.72–6.48)

3.07 (2.12, 4.60)

0.83

 

Lactate (mmol/L)

2.10 [1.70–2.80]

1.70 [1.20–2.30]

0.28

2.18 [1.70–2.80]

1.20 [0.90–2.10]

0.01

CRP (mg/L)

164 [130–194]

75 [27–144]

0.003

146 [81–218]

126 [40–167]

0.23

IL-6 (pg/mL)

43 [22–112]

24 [16–50]

0.07

31 [16–72]

29 [20–49]

0.89

Ferritin (ng/mL)

850 [410–1533]

530 [391–981]

0.40

747 [476–1524]

423 [266–808]

0.03

  1. p values < 0.05 are highlighted in bold
  2. Data are medians [IQR] or n (%). Leukocytes, the MDSC-populations and lactate were assessed at study inclusion. Cut-off values of M-MDSCs is expressed in % of leukocytes. p values < 0.05 are highlighted in bold
  3. VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia, HAP hospital-acquired pneumonia, HCAP healthcare-associated pneumonia, PMN-MDSCs polymorphonuclear-MDSCs, M-MDSCs monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells