Fig. 6From: Modulatory effects of vagal stimulation on neurophysiological parameters and the cellular immune response in the rat brain during systemic inflammationImmunohistochemical analysis of the number of neutrophil granulocytes in the SFO and neighboring choroid plexus (a) and the cortex (b) and their colocalization with ICAM-1 (c) 4.5 h after LPS or vehicle administration (n = 5). LPS increased the number of neutrophil granulocytes in the SFO and neighboring choroid plexus and the cortex as well as their colocalization with ICAM-1. There were no differences in the number of neutrophil granulocytes between the septic groups, but interestingly, vagus nerve stimulation reduced the percentage of neutrophil granulocytes that were colocalized with ICAM-1 compared to the LPS + SHAM group (P < 0.01) and the LPS + VGX group (P < 0.01). Data are given as means ± SEM. Significance is given as: * compared to SHAM; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; # compared as indicated; # P < 0.05; ## P < 0.01; ### P < 0.001; ICAM intercellular adhesion molecule, SFO subfornical organ, ChP choroid plexus, LPS lipopolysaccharide, NG neutrophil granulocytes, SHAM sham surgery, VGX bilateral vagotomy, VGX + VNS bilateral vagotomy and distal vagus nerve stimulationBack to article page