Table 1 Demographics and outcomes for the study population subdivided into one-year survivors and non-survivors
COVID-19 | Non-survivors | Survivors | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Number (% of population) | 117 (100) | 35 (30) | 82 (70) | |
Demography | ||||
Age (years) | 66 (56–72) | 71 (67–80) | 62 (52–68) | <0.001 |
Female sex, n (%) | 27 (23) | 7 (20) | 20 (24) | 0.78 |
Body mass index | 29.7 (26.2–34.8) | 28.2 (24.6–31.6) | 31.2(27.0–35.8) | 0.031 |
Smoker ever, n (%) | 54 (46) | 18 (51) | 36 (44) | 0.73 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Immunosuppressive therapy, n (%) | 9 (8) | 5 (14) | 4 (5) | 0.12 |
Systemic steroids (before COVID-19), n (%) | 12 (10) | 7 (20) | 5 (6) | 0.039 |
Charlson comorbidity index | 3 (1–4) | 4 (3–6) | 2 (1–3) | <0.001 |
Clinical frailty scale | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–5) | 3 (2–3) | 0.0064 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 64 (55) | 23 (66) | 41 (50) | 0.1 |
Complicated diabetes, n (%) | 19 (16) | 6 (17) | 13 (16) | 1 |
COPD and severe asthma, n (%) | 25 (21) | 12 (34) | 13 (16) | 0.047 |
Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 3 (3) | 2 (6) | 1 (1) | 0.21 |
Organ dysfunction and illness severity | ||||
SAPS 3 score | 52 (46–63) | 62 (53–70) | 49 (43–57) | <0.001 |
Altered consciousness pre-ICU, n (%) | 27 (23) | 8 (23) | 19 (23) | 1 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 123 (110–136) | 120 (100–134) | 125 (111–137) | 0.16 |
Temperature (mmHg) | 37.6 (37–38.3) | 37.3 (36.7–38.0) | 37.8 (37.2–38.6) | 0.011 |
P/F ratio Day 1 (min) (kPa) (mmHg) | 12 (10–15) | 13 (10–15) | 12 (9–15) | 0.51 |
PaCO2 Day 1 (max) (kPa) (mmHg) | 5.3 (4.8–6.3) | 5.3 (4.6–6.3) | 5.2 (4.8–6.3) | 0.93 |
pH | 7.45 (7.40–7.49) | 7.45 (7.37–7.49) | 7.46 (7.41–7.49) | 0.70 |
Biochemistry | ||||
Creatinine (μmol/L) | 79 (68–100) | 95 (73–146) | 75 (65–96) | 0.002 |
Leukocytes (x109/L) | 8.9 (6.6–11.8) | 9.3 (8.1–14.6) | 8.4 (6.5–10.6) | 0.12 |
Platelets (x109/L) | 214 (165–312) | 185 (132–222) | 230 (180–322) | 0.0042 |
CRP (mg/L) | 145 (89–186) | 155 (99–183) | 135 (89–190) | 0.68 |
PCT (μg/L) | 0.46 (0.2–0.95) | 0.6 (0.37–0.89) | 0.39 (0.15–0.98) | 0.046 |
Lactate (mmol/L) | 0.5 (0.2–0.9) | 2.1 (1.6–3.2) | 2.0 (1.5–2.5) | 0.42 |
LD (μkat/L) | 8.8 (6.4–11.0) | 9.7 (7.9–12.8) | 7.9 (6.3–10.8) | 0.14 |
D-Dimer (mg/L) | 1.45 (0.77–3.08) | 1.45 (0.76–3.45) | 1.5 (0.83–3.02) | 0.97 |
Ferritin (μg/L)) | 1256 (611–2222) | 1335 (979–2470) | 1204 (555–2173) | 0.24 |
IL-6 (ng/L) | 86 (43–179) | 93 (70–227) | 81 (36–162) | 0.20 |
Bilirubin (μmol/L) | 8 (6–13) | 11 (7–15) | 8 (6–12) | 0.12 |
NfL (pg/mL) | 20.4 (11.9–34.3) | 34.7 (24.7–60.0) | 14.4 (10.7–22.8) | <0.001 |
GFAP (pg/mL) | 176.0 (102.5–243.3) | 215.0 (170.0–342–8) | 135.5 (92.0–216.8) | <0.001 |
Tau (pg/mL) | 7.64 (3.87–14.23) | 11.95 (5.84–18.5) | 5.61 (3.20–10.6) | 0.0064 |
COVID-19 | Non-survivors | Survivors | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical interventions and complications | ||||
Invasive mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 61 (52) | 22 (63) | 39 (48) | 0.10 |
Invasive mechanical ventilation* (hours) | 269 (144–508) | 326 (188–548) | 247 (131–494) | 0.31 |
Prone position, n (%) | 82 (70) | 21 (60) | 61 (74) | 0.19 |
Tracheotomy, n (%) | 23 (20) | 6 (17) | 17 (21) | 0.80 |
CRRT, n (%) | 16 (14) | 4 (11) | 12 (15) | 0.78 |
ECMO, n (%) | 3 (3) | 2 (6) | 1 (1) | 0.21 |
Pulmonary embolism, n (%) | 13 (11) | 3 (9) | 10 (12) | 0.75 |
Cardiac arrest, n (%) | 3 (3) | 3 (9) | 0 (0) | 0.04 |
Outcomes | ||||
ICU length of stay (days) | 11 (5–24) | 10 (5–21) | 12 (5–27) | 0.75 |
Mortality ICU, n (%) | 22 (19) | 22 (63) | NA | NA |
Mortality hospital, n (%) | 31 (26) | 31 (89) | NA | NA |
One-year mortality, n (%) | 35 (30) | 35 (100) | NA | NA |
One-year GOSE | 7 (6–8) | NA | 7 (6–8) | NA |
One-year GOSE\(\ge 5\)**, n (%) | 52 (88) | NA | 52 (88) | NA |
One-year PCS | 43 (38–49) | NA | 43 (38–49) | NA |
One-year PCS\(\ge 45\)**, n (%) | 20 (63) | NA | 20 (63) | NA |
One-year MCS | 50 (39–56) | NA | 50 (39–56) | NA |
One-year MCS\(\ge 45\)**, n (%) | 29 (44) | NA | 29 (44) | NA |