Table 1 Characteristics of COVID-19 patients (demographics, COVID-19-related symptoms, comorbidities, and ICU course-related therapy and organ supports)
Survivors (n = 24) | Non-survivors (n = 20) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||
Gender (%) | 0.512 | ||
Female | 12 (50%) | 12 (60%) | |
Male | 12 (50%) | 8 (40%) | |
Age (mean ± SD) | 59 ± 13 | 62 ± 11 | 0.419 |
APACHE-II score (median; IQR) | 10 (6–16) | 17 (11–23) | 0.020 |
SOFA score (median; IQR) | 4 (3–5) | 5 (4–8) | 0.003 |
COVID-19 symptoms on admission (%) | |||
Fever | 7 (29.2) | 8 (40) | 0.532 |
Dizziness | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 0.268 |
Headache | 3 (12.5) | 0 (0) | 0.101 |
Nausea | 2 (8.3) | 1 (5) | 0.662 |
Coughing | 16 (66.7) | 15 (75) | 0.551 |
Loss of smell or taste | 3 (12.5) | 3 (15) | 0.810 |
Abdominal pain | 1 (4.2) | 0 (0) | 0.356 |
Joint pain | 1 (4.2) | 1 (5) | 0.895 |
Muscle pain | 6 (25) | 2 (10) | 0.199 |
Palpitation | 1 (4.2) | 0 (0) | 0.356 |
Dyspnoea | 21 (87.5) | 19 (95) | 0.394 |
Chest pain | 1 (4.2) | 1 (5) | 0.895 |
Confusion | 2 (8.3) | 2 (10) | 0.848 |
Fatigue | 18 (75) | 16 (80) | 0.697 |
Sputum | 2 (8.3) | 7 (35) | 0.029 |
Comorbidities (%) | |||
Diabetes mellitus | 10 (41.7) | 10 (50) | 0.651 |
Cardiovascular disease | 12 (50) | 17 (85) | 0.015 |
Respiratory disease | 6 (25) | 3 (15) | 0.376 |
Neoplasm | 3 (12.5) | 1 (5) | 0.368 |
Steroid therapy within the last 7 days (%) | 12 (50) | 12 (60) | 0.512 |
Respiratory support on admission (%) | |||
Oxygen mask | 14 (58.3) | 4 (20) | 0.63 |
NIMV | 6 (25) | 5 (25) | 0.545 |
HFNO | 10 (41.7) | 10 (50) | 0.585 |
IMV | 0 (0) | 2 (10) | 0.113 |
Blood gas interpretation on admission (%) | |||
Respiratory alkalosis | 13 (54.2) | 12 (60) | 0.701 |
Respiratory acidosis | 4 (16.7) | 1 (5) | 0.225 |
Metabolic acidosis | 1 (4.2) | 5 (25) | 0.045 |
Renal impairment on admission (%) | 0 (0) | 5 (25) | 0.09 |
Bacterial infection on admission (%) | 4 (16.7) | 2 (10) | 0.521 |
Baseline laboratory findings on admission (median; IQR) | |||
Hb (g/dL) | 13.4 (12.5–14.0) | 11.8 (9.5–13.0) | 0.010 |
WBC (× 103/µL) | 8.885 (6.530–9.845) | 10.470 (6.810–14.385) | 0.110 |
PMNL (× 103/µL) | 7.585 (5.165–8.545) | 9.720 (5.955–13.545) | 0.037 |
% of PMNL | 84.65 (81.35–91.20) | 92.55 (87.4–94.85) | 0.005 |
Lymphocyte (× 103/µL) | 0.710 (0.525–0.915) | 0.465 (0.355–0.800) | 0.179 |
% of Lymphocyte | 7.6 (5.9–11.6) | 5.3 (3.0–7.45) | 0.038 |
PLT (× 103/µL) | 242.5 (183–272.5) | 162.5 (150–255) | 0.758 |
d-dimer (μg/mL) | 0.78 (0.49–2.07) | 1.17 (0,85–1.9) | 0.354 |
Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 554 (431–691) | 607 (543–688) | 0.724 |
Sedimentation (mm/h) | 81 (36–88) | 76 (48–79) | 0.946 |
CRP (mg/L) | 80.2 (31.9–177) | 130.5 (100.8–197.5) | 0.411 |
PCT (ng/mL) | 0.16 (0.07–0.52) | 0.49 (0.11–1.75) | 0.120 |
Ferritin (ng/mL) | 404 (208–1150) | 485 (249–1621) | 0.403 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 29.72 (9.47–69.13) | 93.5 (44.6–186) | 0.029 |
LDH (U/L) | 369 (306–535) | 488 (369–684) | 0.156 |
Trop (ng/L) | 7 (5–18) | 18 (9–30) | 0.300 |
ALT (U/L) | 29 (19–50) | 29 (17–33) | 0.151 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.91 (0.65–1.07) | 1.04 (0.74–2.25) | 0.107 |
T.Bil (mg/dL) | 0.56 (0.42–0.82) | 0.59 (0.42–0.82) | 0.901 |
Vital parameters on admission | |||
Respiratory Rate/min | 28 (4–29) | 31 (28–36) | 0.021 |
Heart Rate/min | 86 (80–11) | 93 (85–100) | 0.756 |
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 128 (115–144) | 126 (117–140) | 0.848 |
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 73 (63–80) | 76 (66–80) | 0.313 |
FiO2 on admission (%) | 60 (45–80) | 90 (78–100) | 0.000 |
ICU course-related factors (%) | |||
Requirement of RRT | 0 (0) | 7 (35) | 0.020 |
Requirement of IMV | 1 (4.2) | 20 (100) | 0.000 |
Requirement of vasopressor | 0 (0) | 17 (85) | 0.000 |
Newly diagnosed bacterial infection | 0 (0) | 9 (45) | 0.000 |
Pulse steroid (%) | 12 (50) | 11 (55) | 0.744 |
Anti-inflammatory therapy (%) | 4 (16.7) | 7 (35) | 0.167 |
LOS for ICU (median; IQR) | 6 (4–8) | 11 (7–22) | 0.003 |