Fig. 2

A Representative plots from one cardiovascular simulation with changing cardiovascular conditions. Our simulation can capture complicated haemodynamic changes and generate biventricular pressure–volume loops for each heartbeat. The plot draws haemodynamic changes from the normal condition to LVF, BVF, and BVF with PH. LVF left ventricular failure, BVF biventricular failure, PH pulmonary hypertension, AP arterial pressure, LVP left ventricle pressure, LAP left atrial pressure, PAP pulmonary artery pressure, RVP right ventricular pressure, RAP right atrial pressure, PV loop pressure–volume loop. B Representative plots from one cardiovascular simulation with changing VA-ECMO flows and Impella support levels. In biventricular failure and high pulmonary vascular resistance, the combination therapy of VA-ECMO and Impella (ECPELLA) increased AP and total systemic flow while decreasing LVP and inducing LV suction with high-flow Impella support. VA-ECMO veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, AP arterial pressure, LVP left ventricular pressure, LAP left atrial pressure, PAP pulmonary artery pressure, RVP right ventricular pressure, RAP right atrial pressure, PV loop pressure–volume loop