Fig. 5

Impact of ECPELLA on BVF haemodynamics. Changes in CO (A), total systemic flow (B), mean AP (C), RAP (D), and LAP (E) are shown. An asterisk (*) indicates that the corresponding axis has been inverted to clarify or highlight specific relationships. The general trends were the same as in protocol 1. Under total ECPELLA support, an increase in Impella support level effectively increased total systemic flow and mean AP, and markedly decreased LAP. BVF biventricular failure, VA-ECMO veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, CO cardiac output, AP arterial pressure, RAP right atrial pressure, LAP left atrial pressure