Table 7 Experimental conduct and exclusion criteria of neutrophil respiratory burst studies
Author | Study population | Sample timing | Definition of sepsis | Microbiology results provided | Independent adjudication of sepsis diagnosis | Exclusion criteria immunosuppressive disease | Exclusion criteria malignancy | Primary conclusion of study (in relation to neutrophil respiratory burst) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time of first sample | No. samples (time span) | ||||||||
Santos [12] | Sepsis | 72 h (Dx sepsis); 48 h (organ failure); onset of septic shock | 2 (7 days) | 1 A,B,C | N | N | Y | Y | Reactive oxygen species production by neutrophils is increased in sepsis, and [it] is associated with poor outcome |
Gorgulu [19] | Trauma | 24 h (Hosp Adm) | 1 | 2 A,B,C | N | N | Y | N | Fas stimulation of septic neutrophils promotes apoptosis and inhibits functionality, partially by non-apoptotic signalling |
Bruns [13] | Sepsis (cirrhotics) | 24 h (Hosp Adm) | 1 | 5 | Y | N | Y | N | [Within cirrhotic patients] augmented neutrophil ROS release in response to E. coli…becomes exhausted in the presence of infection |
Shih [20] | Trauma | 24 h (Hosp Adm) | 2 (3 days) | N | N | N | Y | Y | Plasma migration inhibitory factor is one of the important factors responsible for early neutrophil activation |
Kasten [21] | Trauma | 48 to 72 h (Post-trauma) | 1 | N | N | N | Y | N | Following trauma, there are concurrent and divergent immunological responses…hyper-inflammatory response by the innate arm…and hypo-inflammatory response by the adaptive arm |
Valente [22] | Trauma | 48 h (Hosp Adm) | 3 (5 days) | N | N | N | Y | N | Injury results in differences in innate immune function in the elderly when compared with controls |
Kawasaki [26] | Elective surgery | Pre-insult | 5 (4 days) | N | N | N | Y | N | The innate immune system is suppressed from the early period of upper abdominal surgery |
Frohlich [27] | Elective surgery | Pre-insult | 2 (end of anaesth) | N | n/a | n/a | Y | Y | [This study demonstrates] suppression of neutrophil function by propofol in vitro [but not] in vivo |
Martins [14] | Sepsis | 48 h (ICU Adm) | 1 | 1 B,C | Y | N | Y | Y | Neutrophil function is enhanced in patients with sepsis |
Barth [15] | Sepsis | ? | 6 (5 days) | 1C (>4d) | Y | N | N | N | Endogenous G-CSF increases neutrophil function in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock |
Mariano [16] | Sepsis (renal replacement therapy) | ? | 4 (1 day) | 1, B,D | N | N | N | N | Sera from septic patients [demonstrate] an enhanced priming activity on neutrophils [that is] reduced by ultrafiltration |
Quaid [23] | Trauma | 24 h (Hosp Adm) | 1 | N | N | N | N | N | [After severe trauma] IL-8 and GROα lose the ability to regulate the TNFα induced respiratory burst |
Wiezer [28] | Elective surgery | Pre-insult | 5 (7 days) | “clinical criteria” | N | N | Y | N | Patients undergoing liver resection have an increased activation of leukocytes compared with other major abdominal surgery [that is partially reversed] by endotoxin neutralisation…with rBPI21 |
Ahmed [17] | Sepsis | 72 h (Proof of infection) | 1 | 1 A,B | Y | Y | Y | Y | Septic patients deliver fewer neutrophils to secondary inflammatory sites |
Shih [29] | Trauma/Surgery | 24 h (Hosp adm) | 3+ (7 days) | 1 A,B,C | N | N | Y | Y | Surgery after [trauma] has no effect on the priming of neutrophils |
Ertel [24] | Trauma | 24 h (Hosp adm) | 2 (3 days) | N | N | N | Y | N | Severe trauma stimulates acute-phase priming in neutrophils |
Ogura [25] | Trauma | 24 h (Post-trauma) | 4 + 1 (21 days) | 2 A B C | Y | N | N | N | Severe trauma stimulates acute-phase priming in neutrophils |
Pascual [18] | Sepsis | 24 h (ICU adm) | 1 | 1 A C | Y | N | N | N | Plasma of septic patients may have a profound effect on neutrophil response [and] differentiates between sepsis and non-sepsis samples |