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Table 2 The haemodynamic changes of pleural effusion and subsequent fluid loading (2a), increasing infusion rates of norepinephrine (2b) or control (2c)

From: Fluid loading and norepinephrine infusion mask the left ventricular preload decrease induced by pleural effusion

 

Baseline

Pleural effusion

     

Recovery

2a

 Fluid load (mL/kg)

20

40

60

80

100

120

120

 LVEDA (cm2)

11.8 ± 1.1

10.1 ± 1.0a

11.4 ± 1.2b

11.9 ± 1.4

11.7 ± 1.1

11.9 ± 1.3

11.7 ± 1.5

12.0 ± 1.6c

12.4 ± 1.4

 LVESA (cm2)

7.9 ± 0.9

5.8 ± 0.9a

6.4 ± 1.1

6.8 ± 1.0

6.6 ± 1.0

6.8 ± 1.3

6.7 ± 0.9

6.6 ± 0.8c

7.3 ± 1.4

 IVCDia (cm)

0.9 ± 0.2

1.0 ± 0.2

1.1 ± 0.2

1.0 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.2

1.2 ± 0.2

1.1 ± 0.2

1.1 ± 0.2c

1.0 ± 0.1

 dIVC (%)

7 ± 7

8 ± 9

6 ± 5

6 ± 5

4 ± 6

8 ± 9

7 ± 5

12 ± 12

9 ± 7

 CVP (mmHg)

4 ± 3

8 ± 4a

14 ± 8

14 ± 7

14 ± 7

15 ± 7

16 ± 7

12 ± 4c

8 ± 4d

 Afterload (mmHg)

190 ± 44

141 ± 32a

189 ± 62b

191 ± 65

182 ± 42

182 ± 38

186 ± 36

186 ± 21c

188 ± 32

 LVFAC (%)

33 ± 5

42 ± 9a

43 ± 9

43 ± 7

43 ± 6

43 ± 9

43 ± 5

44 ± 6

40 ± 9d

 MAP (mmHg)

77 ± 12

65 ± 14a

74 ± 16b

78 ± 15

78 ± 13

78 ± 12

77 ± 12

78 ± 12c

76 ± 21

 CO (L/min)

2.3 ± 0.3

2.0 ± 0.3a

2.3 ± 0.5b

2.7 ± 0.8

2.6 ± 0.6

2.7 ± 0.6

2.4 ± 0.3

2.5 ± 0.3c

2.6 ± 0.4

 HR (bpm)

64 ± 9

69 ± 25

64 ± 18

66 ± 19

66 ± 16

66 ± 14

64 ± 12

64 ± 13

63 ± 13

 LVEDP (mmHg)

8 ± 4

11 ± 3

17 ± 7

17 ± 8

17 ± 4

17 ± 3

18 ± 3

17 ± 3c

13 ± 2d

 PPV (%)

9 ± 1

12 ± 4

9 ± 3b

8 ± 3

7 ± 2

6 ± 2

6 ± 2

6 ± 2c

7 ± 2

 PaO2 (kPa)

33 ± 2

12 ± 4a

12 ± 4

13 ± 4

13 ± 4

13 ± 5

16 ± 4

18 ± 4c

27 ± 4d

2b

 Norepinephrine (μg/kg/min)

0.01

0.03

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.3

 LVEDA (cm2)

10.8 ± 1.0

9.3 ± 1.2a

10.0 ± 0.7

10.2 ± 1.4

10.4 ± 0.9b

10.5 ± 1.3

10.2 ± 1.2

9.9 ± 0.9c

10.5 ± 1.3

 LVESA (cm2)

6.7 ± 1.1

5.4 ± 0.6a

5.8 ± 0.6

6.4 ± 1.0b

5.9 ± 0.8

5.9 ± 1.0

5.4 ± 1.2

5.1 ± 1.0c

5.4 ± 1.2d

 IVCDia (cm)

1.0 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.2

1.1 ± 0.2

1.1 ± 0.2

1.2 ± 0.2

1.2 ± 0.2

1.2 ± 0.2

1.1 ± 0.2

0.9 ± 0.2d

 dIVC (%)

12 ± 11

9 ± 7

6 ± 7

8 ± 9

7 ± 7

8 ± 5

7 ± 8

6 ± 4

5 ± 7

 CVP (mmHg)

4 ± 4

8 ± 4a

8 ± 5

8 ± 4

8 ± 4

9 ± 5

9 ± 5

7 ± 4

6 ± 4d

 Afterload (mmHg)

169 ± 42

131 ± 22a

140 ± 35

153 ± 33b

169 ± 32

181 ± 46

169 ± 44

162 ± 36c

168 ± 31

 LVFAC (%)

39 ± 7

42 ± 8

42 ± 6

37 ± 9

43 ± 8

43 ± 7

48 ± 8

48 ± 10c

48 ± 8

 MAP (mmHg)

72 ± 10

57 ± 9a

59 ± 7

62 ± 9

69 ± 12b

74 ± 19

81 ± 17

79 ± 14c

77 ± 12

 CO (L/min)

1.9 ± 0.4

1.8 ± 0.3

1.9 ± 0.3

2.2 ± 0.8

2.3 ± 0.9

2.5 ± 1.0

2.7 ± 1.0

3.2 ± 0.9c

4.0 ± 0.7d

 HR (bpm)

60 ± 5

64 ± 11

63 ± 14

68 ± 13

72 ± 19

74 ± 16

82 ± 22

87 ± 17

97 ± 22

 LVEDP (mmHg)

9 ± 3

12 ± 3

11 ± 3

12 ± 3

12 ± 3

13 ± 3

14 ± 5

14 ± 6

11 ± 5d

 PPV (%)

11 ± 4

10 ± 3

10 ± 3

9 ± 3

10 ± 3

10 ± 3

10 ± 4

11 ± 3

11 ± 4

 PaO2 (kPa)

32 ± 4

12 ± 4a

12 ± 4

11 ± 4

11 ± 4

12 ± 5

11 ± 4

11 ± 6

27 ± 6d

2c

 Control

 LVEDA (cm2)

12.2 ± 0.6

10.3 ± 1.3a

10.6 ± 1.3

10.4 ± 1.3

10.7 ± 1.3

10.4 ± 1.4

10.2 ± 1.5

10.4 ± 1.5

12.1 ± 1.0d

 LVESA (cm2)

7.3 ± 1.2

6.1 ± 1.5

6.4 ± 1.0

6.1 ± 1.1

6.2 ± 1.5

5.8 ± 1.0

5.6 ± 1.2

5.9 ± 0.6

7.4 ± 1.0d

 IVCDia (cm)

1.1 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3

1.3 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.2

1.2 ± 0.3

1.2 ± 0.3

1.2 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.2

 dIVC (%)

8 ± 7

4 ± 6

7 ± 8

3 ± 5

5 ± 7

5 ± 6

2 ± 4

8 ± 7

14 ± 8d

 CVP (mmHg)

3 ± 1

6 ± 1a

7 ± 2b

6 ± 1

7 ± 1

7 ± 2

7 ± 1

7 ± 1

5 ± 2

 Afterload (mmHg)

180 ± 40

132 ± 58

138 ± 39

136 ± 26

122 ± 33

144 ± 37

120 ± 39

121 ± 23

144 ± 34d

 LVFAC (%)

41 ± 9

44 ± 15

43 ± 6

41 ± 7

43 ± 9

45 ± 3

45 ± 5

43 ± 4

38 ± 7

 MAP (mmHg)

80 ± 12

56 ± 12a

58 ± 8

58 ± 6

58 ± 6

57 ± 5

57 ± 7

57 ± 5

61 ± 7

 CO (L/min)

2.5 ± 0.8

2.0 ± 0.5

2.1 ± 0.4

2.0 ± 0.3

2.1 ± 0.5

2.0 ± 0.4

1.9 ± 0.4

1.9 ± 0.3

2.2 ± 0.6

 HR (bpm)

65 ± 9

58 ± 8

60 ± 9

61 ± 9

62 ± 10

59 ± 10

60 ± 9

58 ± 10

56 ± 8

 LVEDP (mmHg)

7 ± 3

8 ± 4

8 ± 3

8 ± 2

10 ± 2

9 ± 4

8 ± 2

9 ± 3

7 ± 3

 PPV (%)

14 ± 8

11 ± 3

10 ± 2

10 ± 3

10 ± 3

10 ± 1

11 ± 2

11 ± 1

11 ± 3

 PaO2 (kPa)

32 ± 2

11 ± 3a

9 ± 3

14 ± 6

17 ± 7

15 ± 5

18 ± 7

18 ± 5c

31 ± 2d

  1. The haemodynamic variables as mean ± standard deviation at baseline during 75 mL/kg pleural effusion and at recovery after pleurocentesis are depicted
  2. Abbreviations: LVEDA left ventricular end-diastolic area, LVESA left ventricular end-systolic area, IVCDia expiratory inferior vena cava diameter, dIVC inferior vena cava distensibility, CVP central venous pressure, Afterload left ventricular afterload, LVFAC left ventricular fractional area change, MAP mean arterial pressure, CO cardiac output, HR heart rate, LVEDP left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, PPV pulse pressure variation, Pa02 arterial partial pressure of oxygen
  3. aCompared with baseline (p < 0.05)
  4. bCompared with baseline (p > 0.05 for no difference)
  5. cDifference over time from PLE (p < 0.05)
  6. dRecovery values compared with maximum fluid load or norepinephrine infusion rate (p < 0.05)