Table 1 Overview of the used definitions of VAP
Author, year | Study design | N (intervention vs. control) | Analyzed N (intervention vs. control) | Details of intervention | Primary outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barraud et al., 2010 [26] | Blinded RCT | 87 vs. 80 | 87 vs. 80 | Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, 1/day 2 × 1010 CFU in the stomach | 28-day mortality |
Forestier et al., 2008 [27] | Blinded RCT | 118 vs. 118 | 102 vs. 106 | Lactobacillus casei rhamnosus, 1/day 1 × 109 CFU in the mouth and stomach | Time of first Pseudomonas aeruginosa acquisition |
Klarin et al., 2008 [28] | Open-label RCT | 25 vs. 25 | 23 vs. 21 | Lactobacillus plantarum 299, 2/day 1 × 1010 CFU in the mouth | Subsequent samples |
Knight et al., 2009 [33] | Blinded RCT | 150 vs. 150 | 130 vs. 129 | Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Pediococcus pentosaceus, 2/day 1 × 1010 CFU in the stomach | VAP |
Morrow et al., 2010 [29] | Blinded RCT | 73 vs. 73 | 68 vs. 70 | Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG,,2/day 1 × 109 CFU in the oropharynx and stomach | VAP incidence |
Rongrungruang et al., 2015 [32] | Open-label RCT | 75 vs. 75 | 75 vs. 75 | Lactobacillus casei Shirota, 1/day 8 × 109 CFU in the mouth and stomach | VAP |
Shinotsuka et al., 2008 [30] | Open-label RCT | 16 vs. 12 | 12 vs. 16 | Lactobacillus johnsonii La1, 2/day 1 × 109 CFU in the stomach | Colonization of gastrointestinal tract and trachea |
Zeng et al., 2016 [31] | Open-label RCT | 125 vs. 125 | 118 vs. 117 | Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis, 3/day 9 × 109 in the stomach | VAP |