Table 1 Alveolar cellular effects of hypercapnia: summary of in vivo and ex vivo experiments on the effects of hypercapnia
Study | Experimental model | Applied CO2 | Cellular effects |
|---|---|---|---|
Broccard et al. [4] | VILI ex vivo (rabbit) | PaCO2 target 70–100 mmHg | HCA reduced microvascular permeability, lung edema formation, and BAL protein content |
Yang et al. [20] | VILI in vivo (rat) and in vitro alveolar epithelial cells | PaCO2 target 80–100 mmHg | HCA attenuated microvascular leak, oxidative stress, and inflammation |
Doerr et al. [65] | VILI/plasma wound resealing. Ex vivo (rat) and in vitro alveolar epithelial cell | 12% | Hypercapnia reduced plasma membrane resealing in vivo and in vitro |
O’Toole et al. [8] | In vitro three cell respiratory lines | 10, 15% | Hypercapnia reduced rate of wound closure (cell migration) via NF-κB pathway inhibition |
O’Croinin et al. [17] | E. coli pneumonia (48 h). In vivo (rat) | 8% | Hypercapnia worsened lung injury induced by prolonged untreated E. coli pneumonia |
Wang et al. [21] | Endotoxin stimulation. In vitro human and mouse macrophages | 5, 9, 12.5, 20% | Hypercapnia inhibited macrophage phagocytosis |