Fig. 1

Effects of checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) therapy on the odds ratios of survival (95% CI) in each of the 19 analyzed experiments and the overall OR (95% CI) and its I² with level of significance. Shown for each experiment is the checkpoint molecule (CPM) targeted with CPI, the type and site of the bacterial challenge employed, whether a secondary intravenous (IV) C. albicans challenge was included, whether antibiotic treatment for the bacterial challenge was administered, and the numbers of total and surviving animals in the control and CPI groups. Checkpoint molecule inhibitors increased the odds ratio of survival OR (95% CI) in 16 experiments (10 significantly) and decreased it in 3 (2 significantly). The overall OR was increased with CPI therapy but with heterogeneity. ^§Experiments from studies published by the same research group; *CPI administered at D−1; **CPI administered at D0; ^#anti-CTLA-4 50 μg in CD-1 mice; ^##anti-CTLA-4 200 μg CD-1 mice; ^C57BL6 mice; ^@C57BL6 mice; ^@@Bmal-/- mice; Ab Rx—antibiotic treatment for the primary bacterial challenge; CA—Candida albicans; PD-1—programmed cell death 1; PD-L1—programmed cell death ligand-1; CTLA-4—cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4; BTLA—B and T lymphocyte attenuator; CPM—checkpoint molecule targeted; CLP—cecal ligation and puncture which represented polymicrobial organisms; IV—intravenous; IP—intraperitoneal; skin—intradermal; LPS—lipopolysaccharide; L. mono—Listeria monocytogenes; P. aerug—Pseudomonas aeruginosa; S. aur—Staphylococcus aureus