Table 3 Detailed characteristics of heart failure model
Study | Heart failure | Injury model | Procedure description | Complications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Dogs | ||||
Sakamoto et al. | Acute | Myocardial infarction | LAD ligation with suture | – |
Kawashima et al. | Acute | Myocardial infarction | LAD ligation (sequential from distal to proximal every 10 min) | Death from VF (3 out of 6) |
Yu et al. | Acute | Myocardial infarction | LAD ligation (7 min) | – |
Ox | ||||
Segesser et al. | Acute | Pacing | External stimulation to induce VF | – |
Pigs | ||||
Møller-Helgestad et al. | Acute | Myocardial infarction | LMCA injection with alcohol microspheres | Death from VF (2 out of 14) |
Ostadal et al. | Acute | Myocardial hypoxia | Switch mechanical ventilation to 5 breaths/min, 100 mL VT, and FiO2 21% | – |
Simonsen et al. | Acute | Carbon monoxide poisoning | Carbon monoxide administration | Cardiac arrest (6 out of 12) leading to death (n = 5) |
Janak et al. | Acute | Myocardial infarction | LAD and LCx occlusion by balloon inflation (5 min, echo-guided) | – |
Vanhuyse et al. | Acute | Myocardial infarction | LAD ligation (proximal) with tourniquet (60 min) | – |
Esposito et al. | Acute | Myocardial infarction | LCx occlusion (proximal) by balloon inflation (30 mins) | Death from VF (2 out of 10) |
Hala et al. | Chronic* | Pacing | Ventricular pacing (200 bpm) | – |
Itoh et al. | Acute | Pacing | Direct 3.5 V alternate current to induce VF | – |
Ostadal et al. | Acute | Myocardial hypoxia | LAD or LCx perfusion with venous blood | VF (2 out of 5) |
Brehm et al. | Acute | Drug-induced (Esmolol) | Esmolol bolus bolus at 2 mg/kg into the LA | – |
Kajimoto et al. | Acute | Myocardial infarction | LAD ligation with sutures (10 min) | Death (2 out of 19) |
Zhu et al. | Acute | Myocardial infarction | LAD ligation between diagonal branches | Death (2 out of 24) |
Bartoli et al. | Acute | Myocardial infarction | LAD ligation (sequential) | Death from arrhythmias (21 out of 47) |
Sheep | ||||
Sauren et al. | Acute | Myocardial infarction | LCx (or side branches) ligation | “Unstable” (3 out of 7) |
Naito et al. | Acute | Drug-induced (Esmolol) | Esmolol bolus at 2 mg/kg into the LA and drip infusion (50 to 500 mg/kg/min) | – |