Fig. 2

Treatment window. Determination of treatment timing based on resolution of renal dysfunction and systemic inflammation. Time serial samples were obtained at 6~96 h after the initial insult. a–b Serial charts of creatinine and the circulating interleukin 6 (IL6) are shown (mean ± SD, N = 3~5) *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 compared to “#.” c–d Representative images of immune stain for NGAL in the kidneys collected at 48 h post-CLP (scale bar = 20 μm) and the expression intensities for group each group of animals (mean ± SD, N = 15). e Blots of renal time serial NGAL and the corresponding intensities of the blots. f Schematic diagram of treatment timing and sample collection plan. Tukey’s test was used to determine the statistical significance among multiple groups and one-tailed Welch’s t test was used for two group comparisons. NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; hps, hours post-CLP surgery; i.p., intraperitoneal injection; dpt, days post-UPHD186 treatment