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Intensive Care Medicine Experimental

Table 2 Ultrasound of common carotid arteries

From: Mild hypothermia combined with dexmedetomidine reduced brain, lung, and kidney damage in experimental acute focal ischemic stroke

Ultrasound parameter

Group

T0

T1

T3

Group effect

Time effect

Group × time effect

Left carotid

   

 PSV (cm/s)

NORMO

DEX

56.42 (45.21–82.28)

64.01 (55.38–95.68)

81.78 (61.15–100.70)

p = 0.005

p < 0.001

p = 0.429

HYPO

80.18 (70.66–90.35)

91.03 (81.68–95.84)

96.27 (94.47–104.90)

T0 NORMO-DEX vs HYPO-DEX, p = 0.039

TI NORMO-PRO vs HYPO-PRO, p = 0.041

T3 NORMO-PRO vs HYPO-PRO, p = 0.029

NORMO

PRO

61.25 (57.60–70.38)

66.39 (61.14–73.64)

73.93 (65.11–75.91)

HYPO

79.92 (64.60–91.56)

87.49 (80.64–90.90)

90.43 (85.73–100.20)

 EDV (cm/s)

NORMO

DEX

3.67 (2.63–6.11)

5.36 (3.84–6.77)

6.29 (4.99–7.50)

p = 0.019

p < 0.001

p = 0.556

HYPO

7.74 (5.49–10.18)

8.93 (6.01–9.59)

9.93 (6.54–10.09)

T0 NORMO-DEX vs HYPO-DEX, p = 0.018

T0 HYPO-DEX vs HYPO-PRO, p = 0.036

NORMO

PRO

3.92 (2.90–4.71)

3.97 (3.01–5.93)

5.62 (4.56–6.76)

HYPO

4.39 (3.71–6.59)

5.83 (4.22–7.35)

7.22 (5.15–7.78)

 MV (cm/s)

NORMO

DEX

59.31 (47.38–85.28)

67.24 (58.29–101.10)

85.98 (64.52–105.00)

p = 0.003

p < 0.001

p = 0.425

HYPO

84.21 (76.71–95.30)

97.33 (85.77–101.60)

102.90 (101.30–109.20)

T0 NORMO-DEX vs HYPO-DEX, p = 0.022

T1 NORMO-PRO vs HYPO-PRO, p = 0.040

TI NORMO-DEX vs HYPO-DEX, p = 0.042

T3 NORMO-PRO vs HYPO-PRO, p = 0.031

T3 NORMO-DEX vs HYPO-DEX, p = 0.042

NORMO

PRO

64.32 (59.62–73.17)

69.34 (63.33–77.38)

69.34 (63.33–77.38)

HYPO

82.85 (67.90–95.13)

90.88 (85.54–94.47)

95.24 (90.13–102.70)

 PG (mmHg)

NORMO

DEX

1.38 (0.93–1.93)

1.77 (1.09–2.79)

2.72 (1.55–3.32)

p = 0.122

p < 0.001

p = 0.636

HYPO

2.08 (1.81–3.07)

2.68 (1.91–3.23)

3.60 (3.00–3.89)

 

NORMO

PRO

1.40 (1.26–1.71)

1.82 (1.57–2.24)

2.27 (1.82–2.88)

HYPO

1.39 (0.77–1.92)

1.87 (1.28–2.60)

2.45 (1.89–3.38)

 PI

NORMO

DEX

2.46 (2.30–2.78)

2.59 (2.43–3.61)

2.95 (2.70–3.86)

p = 0.213

p < 0.001

p = 0.696

HYPO

2.93 (2.39–4.13)

3.19 (2.91–4.22)

3.63 (3.46–4.33)

 

NORMO

PRO

2.74 (2.49–3.16)

2.98 (2.70–3.31)

3.06 (2.96–3.35)

HYPO

2.81 (2.66–2.98)

2.98 (2.91–3.49)

3.62 (2.99–3.84)

Right carotid

   

 PSV (cm/s)

NORMO

DEX

49.93 (44.70–64.81)

–

–

T0 HYPO-DEX vs NORMO-DEX, p = 0.009

HYPO

70.30 (64.86–83.90)

–

–

NORMO

PRO

53.85 (39.73–60.27)

–

–

HYPO

55.42 (48.35–64.20)

–

–

 EDV (cm/s)

NORMO

DEX

5.39 (3.76–6.21)

–

–

–

HYPO

8.26 (5.68–10.74)

–

–

NORMO

PRO

4.87 (4.05–5.28)

–

–

HYPO

3.66 (2.75–6.05)

–

–

 MV (cm/s)

NORMO

DEX

52.67 (48.01–68.79)

–

–

–

HYPO

77.13 (69.81–87.74)

–

–

NORMO

PRO

57.48 (42.88–63.14)

–

–

HYPO

57.87 (50.30–68.86)

–

–

 PG (mmHg)

NORMO

DEX

1.98 (1.86–2.14)

–

–

T0 HYPO-DEX vs NORMO-DEX, p = 0.002

HYPO

3.12 (2.78–4.43)

–

–

NORMO

PRO

2.12 (1.89–2.84)

–

–

HYPO

1.83 (1.65–2.69)

–

–

 PI

NORMO

DEX

2.91 (2.30–3.37)

–

–

–

HYPO

3.40 (2.95–4.14)

–

–

NORMO

PRO

2.98 (2.27–3.67)

–

–

HYPO

2.87 (2.48–3.19)

–

–

  1. Values are presented as medians (interquartile range) of 6 animals/group. PSV peak systolic velocity, EDV end-diastolic velocity, MV mean velocity, PG pressure gradient, PI Pulsatility Index of left and right common carotid arteries (CCA) at T0, T1, and T3. Two-way ANOVA test with Tukey’s multiple comparison was used for the left carotid over time, considering significance at p < 0.05; Mann–Whitney test was adopted for the right carotid at baseline, assuming significance at p < 0.0125. PSV in the right carotid at T0 was higher in mild hypothermia + dexmedetomidine (HYPO-DEX) than normothermia + dexmedetomidine (NORMO-DEX), p = 0.009. No differences at T0 in EDV and PI in the right CCA were found among the groups. At T0, PG was significantly higher in HYPO-DEX than NORMO-DEX in the right CCA
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