Table 1 Characteristics of ARDS-patients and controls. Data regarding general characteristics, outcomes, organ dysfunction and illness severity are presented below

Demographics

 n

132

1092

 Female, n (%)

43 (33)

429 (39)

0.2

 Age, years, mean (SD)

64 (14)

62 (17)

0.1

 BMI, kg/m², mean (SD)

26.5 (6.3)

26.9 (6.7)

0.6

30

Comorbidities, n (%)

 CCI score, mean (SD)

3.6 (2.4)

3.6 (2.8)

1.0

 Cardiac arrest, n (%)

4 (3.0)

11 (1.0)

0.1

 Sepsis-3 criteria, n (%)

89 (67.4)

317 (29.0)

< 0.001

Direct lung-injury risk factors, n (%)

 Pneumonia

95 (72)

132 (12)

< 0.001

 Aspiration

32 (24)

71 (7)

< 0.001

 Inhalational injury

0 (0.0)

3 (0.3)

1.0

 Drowning

0 (0.0)

2 (0.2)

1.0

 Lung contusion

4 (3.0)

23 (2.1)

0.7

 Pulmonary vasculitis

4 (3.0)

3 (0.3)

< 0.001

 Other

2 (1.5)

1 (0.1)

0.03

 None

15 (11)

887 (81)

< 0.001

Indirect lung-injury risk factors, n (%)

 Extrapulmonary sepsis

38 (28.8)

163 (14.9)

< 0.001

 Severe burns

0 (0.0)

1 (0.1)

1.0

 Non-cardiogenic shock

7 (5.3)

92 (8.4)

0.3

 Drug overdose

7 (5.3)

59 (5.4)

1.0

 Multiple blood transfusions

9 (6.8)

106 (9.7)

0.4

 Trauma

2 (1.5)

94 (8.6)

0.007

 Pancreatitis

1 (0.8)

10 (0.9)

1.0

 Other

0 (0)

30 (2.7)

0.1

 None

76 (57.6)

645 (59.1)

0.8

Severity of illness, mean (SD)

 SAPS 3 score

72.3 (14.0)

57.5 (16.1)

< 0.001

 SOFA score

9.8 (3.8)

6.0 (3.6)

< 0.001

12

 Respiratory SOFA

3.3 (0.7)

1.9 (1.3)

< 0.001

19

 Coagulation SOFA

0.5 (0.9)

0.3 (0.7)

< 0.001

10

 Neurologic SOFA

1.6 (1.5)

1.3 (1.5)

0.007

2

 Renal SOFA

1.4 (1.5)

0.8 (1.3)

< 0.001

10

 Circulatory SOFA

2.5 (1.6)

1.7 (1.6)

< 0.001

2

 Hepatic SOFA

0.4 (0.9)

0.3 (0.6)

0.009

12

Biochemistry

 ADM, pg/L, median [IQR]

65.6 [38.4, 125.5]

35.4 [20.2, 71.4]

< 0.001

 CRP, mg/L, median [IQR]

99 [33, 230]

21 [4, 98]

< 0.001

1.8

 Leukocytes, 10⁹/L, median [IQR]

14 [9, 19]

13 [9, 18]

0.6

1.0

 Lactate, mmol/L, median [IQR]

3.1 [1.8, 5.2]

2.3 [1.4, 4.4]

0.003

4.9

 Creatinine, µmol/L, median [IQR]

120 [84, 189]

93 [71, 135]

< 0.001

1.1

ARDS severity, n (%)

Mild ARDS

27 (21)

–

Moderate ARDS

81 (61)

–

Severe ARDS

27 (21)

–

Outcomes

 30-day mortality, n (%)

52 (39)

194 (18)

< 0.001

 Duration of ICU stay, d, median [IQR]

3.5 [1.7, 6.5]

1.4 [0.7, 2.9]

< 0.001

 Duration of mechanical ventilation, d, median [IQR]

2.3 [1.1, 5.3]

1.1 [0.4, 2.7]

< 0.001