Fig. 1

Timeline of the experimental protocol. After surgery and recovery time until hemodynamic and laboratory parameters were in a physiological range, baseline measurements were performed. Septic shock (defined according to the Sepsis-3 criteria) was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 3 g/kg BW feces. At the onset of septic shock (mean 4.8 ± 0.29 h post sepsis induction), a therapy phase over 8 h was succeeded according to the sepsis guideline with application of the 1 h-bundle, followed by a differentiated hemodynamic as well as volume therapy