Table 1 Common models of ventilator-induced lung injury
From: Understanding the mechanisms of ventilator-induced lung injury using animal models
Type of injury | Example reference | Species | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|---|---|---|---|---|
High VT (> 30 ml/kg), single-hit model | [18] | C57BL/6 (small animals) | Isogenic background Ability for genetic manipulation Ready availability of diverse tissues Endpoints achievable Extensive lung pathology Measures of lung edema and permeability | Short time experiments Minimal hemodynamics data Difficult to obtain samples for arterial blood gas analysis |
LPS i.t. or i.p. + high VT (> 30 ml/kg), double-hit model | [36] | Wistar rats (small animals) | Similar to above Exploration of pathogenesis (direct vs indirect causes) Investigation of predisposing conditions | Similar to above Minimal hemodynamics data Difficult to obtain samples for arterial blood gas analysis |
Surfactant lavage + LPS i.v. and high VT (> 30 ml/kg), double- or triple-hit model | [32] | Pigs or piglets (large animals) | Extensive lung and distal organ pathology Measures of lung edema and permeability Receive ICU supportive care Radiographic and/or positron emission tomography assessment of lung injury | Labor intensive Moderate reversibility of lung injury |
Surfactant lavage, single-hit model | [57] | Pigs or piglets (large animals) | Inhomogeneous lung aeration, alveolar collapse, increased susceptibility to additional hits, responsive to mechanical ventilation interventions, alveolar recruitability Measures of lung edema and permeability Receive ICU supportive care Application of imaging techniques | Staff required Labor intensive Pronounced reversibility Light to moderate lung inflammation |
Surfactant lavage + high VT (> 30 ml/kg), double-hit model | [67] | Pigs or piglets (large animals) | Extensive lung and distal organ pathology Measures of lung edema and permeability Continuous invasive and noninvasive physiologic assessment Receive ICU supportive care Application of imaging techniques | Staff required Labor intensive Moderate reversibility of lung injury Moderate lung inflammation |