Skip to main content

Adrenomedullin: its double-edged sword during sepsis slices yet again

In this first issue of Intensive Care Medicine Experimental, two related studies describe the effects of antibodies directed against adrenomedullin (ADM), a vasoactive peptide that is released from various tissues during systemic inflammation, in murine sepsis.

ADM, derived from a larger precursor peptide (pro-ADM), is released into the circulation during systemic inflammation, and the highest plasma concentrations are measured in patients with septic shock[1]. With a plasma half-life of approximately 20 min, it exerts multiple effects of which the most relevant appears to be vasodilation[2]. The consequent clinical sequelae of increased ADM concentrations are far from clear. While elevated ADM levels are associated with impaired outcome in sepsis patients[1] and the measurement of the circulating pro-peptide of ADM might serve as a marker to assess disease severity and predict mortality[3], administration of exogenous ADM actually improved outcome in animal models of septic shock[4].

Intriguingly, in this issue of Intensive Care Medicine Experimental, two studies demonstrate beneficial effects of anti-ADM antibodies administered in a murine cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model[5, 6]. These studies represent the first attempts at antibody targeting of the ADM cascade in vivo. Struck et al.[5] describe the development of monoclonal antibodies directed against various epitopes of ADM and their ability to attenuate sepsis-induced mortality in severe murine sepsis (100% control group mortality within 2 to 3 days). The severity of this model means that any long-term deleterious or beneficial effects of the antibody remain unknown. Notably, all antibodies directed against ADM improved survival. Of interest, the antibody against the N-terminal moiety of ADM prevented mortality most effectively, while it inhibited ADM agonistic activity by only 25%. Wagner et al.[6] performed a more mechanistic study into the effects of HAM1101, the antibody targeted against the N-terminal part of ADM, in a resuscitated murine CLP model. They show that HAM1101 improves vasoactive responsiveness to catecholamines, attenuates systemic inflammation, and improves kidney function. The beneficial effects on the kidneys are likely attributable to reduced iNOS expression and nitrotyrosine formation in HAM1101-treated animals. The effects on inflammatory pmeters are surprising as ADM itself has also been reported to inhibit inflammation[7]. In summary, previous work has established that high endogenous levels of ADM correlate with poor outcomes and that exogenous administration improved outcomes, while now it is reported that antagonism of ADM using antibodies improves outcome in an animal sepsis model.

How can we explain these apparently conflicting results? We naturally tend to prefer simple linear reasoning. However, reality, especially in the case of (patho)physiology, is more complex. ADM-mediated effects appear to represent yet another example of this fact. Timing and the magnitude of increase in ADM may be especially relevant in understanding its clinical effects in sepsis. In this respect, it is important to recognize that Struck et al. found that the least efficacious antibody in terms of antagonistic activity exerted the largest beneficial effect on survival. One could argue that other non-ADM-dependent effects of the antibody may play a role. However, it could also indicate that only very high concentrations of ADM exert deleterious effects, while modest increases of this peptide are beneficial. In addition to concentration-dependent and time-dependent effects, the specific clinical condition of sepsis, e.g., hyper- vs hypodynamic sepsis, is also likely to play a role in the observed discrepancies. It is clear that the path to clinical relevance at the bedside is long and bumpy, and based on the above described results, it is already clear that in sepsis patients, it will be a difficult task to define the therapeutic window of opportunity to modulate the ADM pathway. Nevertheless, further investigation of the effects of modulating this pathway is clearly warranted.

References

  1. Ueda S, Nishio K, Minamino N, Kubo A, Akai Y, Kangawa K, Matsuo H, Fujimura Y, Yoshioka A, Masui K, Doi N, Murao Y, Miyamoto S: Increased plasma levels of adrenomedullin in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999, 160: 132–136. 10.1164/ajrccm.160.1.9810006

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Nishio K, Akai Y, Murao Y, Doi N, Ueda S, Tabuse H, Miyamoto S, Dohi K, Minamino N, Shoji H, Kitamura K, Kangawa K, Matsuo H: Increased plasma concentrations of adrenomedullin correlate with relaxation of vascular tone in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med 1997, 25: 953–957. 10.1097/00003246-199706000-00010

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Guignant C, Voirin N, Venet F, Poitevin F, Malcus C, Bohe J, Lepape A, Monneret G: Assessment of pro-vasopressin and pro-adrenomedullin as predictors of 28-day mortality in septic shock patients. Intensive Care Med 2009, 35: 1859–1867. 10.1007/s00134-009-1610-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Temmesfeld-Wollbruck B, Brell B, David I, Dorenberg M, Adolphs J, Schmeck B, Suttorp N, Hippenstiel S: Adrenomedullin reduces vascular hyperpermeability and improves survival in rat septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2007, 33: 703–710. 10.1007/s00134-007-0561-y

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Struck J, Hein F, Karasch S, Bergmann A: Epitope specificity of anti-Adrenomedullin antibodies determines efficacy of mortality reduction in a cecal ligation and puncture mouse model. Intensive Care Med Exp 2013, 1: 3. 10.1186/2197-425X-1-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Wagner K, Wachter U, Vogt JA, Scheuerle A, McCook O, Weber S, Gröger M, Stahl B, Georgieff M, Möller P, Bergmann A, Hein F, Calzia E, Radermacher P, Wagner F: Adrenomedullin binding improves catecholamine responsiveness and kidney function in resuscitated murine septic shock. Intensive Care Med Exp 2013, 1: 2. 10.1186/2197-425X-1-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Yang S, Zhou M, Fowler DE, Wang P: Mechanisms of the beneficial effect of adrenomedullin and adrenomedullin-binding protein-1 in sepsis: down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Crit Care Med 2002, 30: 2729–2735. 10.1097/00003246-200212000-00018

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matthijs Kox.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kox, M., Pickkers, P. Adrenomedullin: its double-edged sword during sepsis slices yet again. ICMx 2, 1 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/2197-425X-2-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2197-425X-2-1