Treatments | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intervention group | Control group | |||||||
Study | PaO2/FIO2 (mmHg) | Patients (centres) | Mortality time points | Aim | Ventilation strategy | Recruitment manoeuvres | Aim | Ventilation strategy |
Studies investigating higher PEEP with TV reduction | ||||||||
Amato 1998* | < 200 | 53 (2) | 28 days In hospital In ICU | Maintaining lung recruitment with higher PEEP, lower TV plus RMs | TV < 6 mL/kg PEEP = PFLEX + 2 cmH2O PDRIV < 20 cmH2O PPEAK < 40 cmH2O | CPAP of 35–40 cmH2O for 40s | Maintaining oxygenation, using low PEEP and high TV | TV = 12 mL/kg PEEP ≥ 5 cmH2O Stepwise PEEP titration table targeting PaO2 ≥ 80 mmHg |
Villar 2006* | < 200 | 95 (8) | In-hospital In ICU | Maintaining oxygenation while increasing lung recruitment, with higher PEEP and lower TV | TV 5–8 mL/kg PEEP = PFLEX + 2 cmH2O | No | Maintaining oxygenation using low PEEP and high TV | TV 9–11 mL/kg PEEP ≥ 5 cmH2O |
Studies investigating higher PEEP without recruitment manoeuvres | ||||||||
Brower 2004 | < 300 | 549 (23) | In-hospital | Maintaining oxygenation prioritizing PEEP over FIO2 (higher PEEP levels) | TV 6 mL/kg Higher PEEP/FIO2 table | Only in first 80 patients | Maintaining oxygenation prioritizing FIO2 over PEEP (lower PEEP levels) | TV 6 mL/kg Lower PEEP/FIO2 table PPLAT < 30 cmH2O |
Mercat 2008 | < 300 | 767 (37) | 28 days in-hospital | Increasing alveolar recruitment while limiting hyperinflation with higher PEEP | TV 6 mL/kg Highest PEEP resulting in PPLAT < 28––30 cmH2O | Not recommended | Minimizing alveolar distension with a moderate-low PEEP strategy | TV 6 mL/kg PEEP 5–9 cmH2O |
Talmor 2008 | < 300 | 61 (1) | 28 days | Maintaining oxygenation setting PEEP based on transpulmonary pressure | TV 6 mL/kg PEEP set to achieve: End-expiratory transpulmonary pressure 0–10 cmH2O End-inspiratory transpulmonary pressure < 25 cmH2O | No | Maintaining oxygenation | TV 6 mL/kg Lower PEEP/FIO2 table PPLAT < 30 cmH2O |
Studies investigating higher PEEP with recruitment manoeuvres | ||||||||
Meade 2008 | < 250 | 983 (30) | 28 days In-hospital In ICU | Maintaining an ‘open-lung approach’ based on oxygenation goals | TV 6 mL/kg Higher PEEP/FIO2 table PPLAT < 40 cmH2O | CPAP 40 cmH2O for 40 s | Maintaining oxygenation | TV 6 mL/kg Lower PEEP/FIO2 table PPLAT < 30 cmH2O |
Huh 2009 | < 200 | 57 (1) | 28 days 60 days In ICU | Individualisation of PEEP according to compliance and oxygenation | TV 6 mL/kg PEEP set with a decremental trial at the lowest value without decrease in saturation or compliance | PEEP increased from baseline to 25 cmH2O | Maintaining oxygenation | TV 6 mL/kg Lower PEEP/FIO2 table |
Hodgson 2011 | < 200 | 20 (1) | In-hospital | Lung recruitment and individualisation of PEEP according to oxygenation | TV < 6 mL/kg Decremental PEEP until desaturation ≥1% | PEEP increased to 40 cmH2O and reduced to 15 cmH2O | Maintaining oxygenation | TV 6 mL/kg Lower PEEP/FIO2 table |
Kacmarek 2016 | < 200 | 200 (20) | 28 days 60 days In-hospital In ICU | Maintaining an ‘open-lung approach’ | TV 6 mL/kg Decremental PEEP to the best dynamic compliance | PPEAK 50-60 cmH2O PEEP 35–45 cmH2O | Maintaining oxygenation | TV 6 mL/kg Lower PEEP/FIO2 table |
Cavalcanti 2017 | < 200 | 1004 (120) | 28 days In-hospital In ICU | Maintaining an ‘open-lung approach’ | TV 6 mL/kg PEEP ≥ 11 cmH2O, set to the lowest PDRIV in a decremental titration | PPLAT ≤ 50 cmH2O PEEP increased to 35 cmH2O | Maintaining oxygenation | TV 6 mL/kg Lower PEEP/FIO2 table |
Hodgson 2019 | < 200 | 28 days 60 days In-hospital In ICU 6 months | Lung recruitment and individualisation of PEEP according to oxygenation | TV < 6 mL/kg Decremental PEEP until desaturation ≥ 2% | PEEP increased to 40 cmH2O and reduced to 15 cmH2O | Maintaining oxygenation | TV 6 mL/kg Lower PEEP/FIO2 table | |
Studies investigating recruitment manoeuvres alone | ||||||||
Xi 2010 | 200 | 110 (14) | 28 days In-hospital In ICU | Maintaining lung recruitment with RMs only | TV 6–8 mL/kg Lower PEEP/FIO2 table RM performed by CPAP | CPAP of 40 cmH2O for 40s | Maintaining oxygenation | TV 6-8 mL/kg Lower PEEP/FIO2 table PPLAT < 30 cmH2O |